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fallacies of definition
Fallacies of definition are the various ways in which definitions can fail to explain terms. The phrase is used to suggest an analogy with an informal fallacy. "Definitions that fail to have merit because they are overly broad, use obscure or ambiguous language, or contain circular reasoning are called fallacies of definition."〔Gibbon, Guy (2013). ''Critically Reading the Theory and Methods of Archaeology: An Introductory Guide''. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780759123427.〕 Three major fallacies are overly broad, overly narrow, and mutually exclusive definitions,〔Potter, Karl H. (1991). ''Presuppositions of India's Philosophies'', p.87. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9788120807792. "Under-extension", "over-extension", and "mutual exclusion".〕 a fourth is incomprehensible definitions,〔Chakraborti, Chhanda (2007). ''Logic: Informal, Symbolic and Inductive'', p.54-5. PHI Learning. ISBN 9788120332485. "Too wide", "too narrow", "incomprehensible", and "conflicting".〕 and one of the most common〔 is circular definitions.〔Schipper, Edith Watson and Schuh, Edward (1960). ''A First Course in Modern Logic'', p.24. Routledge. "Incongruous", "circular", "negative", and "obscure or figurative".〕
== Circularity ==
If one concept is defined by another, and the other is defined by the first, this is known as a circular definition, akin to circular reasoning: neither offers enlightenment about what one wanted to know.〔 Accessed September 2, 2014.〕 "It is a fallacy because by using a synonym in the ''definiens'' the reader is told nothing significantly new."〔
A straightforward example would be to define "Jew" as "a person believing in Judaism", and "Judaism" as "the religion of the Jewish people", which would make "Judaism" "the religion of the people believing in Judaism."
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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